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1. 本次考试难度中等。
2. 整体分析：涉及事物发展史类（P1）、环境类（P2）、社会心理类（P3）。
本次考试所选三篇文章为两旧一新（P3为新题），三篇文章话题各异，涉及面比较广泛，如果考生有一定涉猎，有助于文章理解。
3. 主要题型：这次考试出现题型分散平均，配对题型占四分之一，难度不大， 后一篇人名观点耗时会久些。选择题两篇文章均出现，比例较高，需注意。
4. 文章分析：篇文章主要讲一个失业的人在从事clerk的过程中发现传统购物模式的落后，创建了世界上家自助购物的超市。
第二篇文章是探讨利用搬运南极冰川，是否能够解决缺水地区的淡水资源问题，做出假设。
第三篇为实验型文章，通过不同study的研究，对合作行为给出不同的解释。
5. 部分答案及参考文章：
Passage 1：
题型：段落细节匹配+单选+填空
The Innovation of Grocery Stores
A
At the beginning of the 20th century, grocery stores in the United States were full-service. A customer would ask a clerk behind the counter for specific item and the clerk would package the items, which were limited to dry goods. If they want to save some time, they have to ask a delivery boy or by themselves to send the note of what they want to buy to the grocery story first and then go to pay for the goods later. These grocery stores usually carried only one brand of each good. There were early chain stores, such as the A&P Stores, but these were all entirely full-service and very time-consuming.
B
In 1885, a Virginia boy named Clarence Saunders began working part-time as a clerk in a grocery store when he was 14 years old, and quit school when the shopkeeper offered him Ml time work with room and board. Later he worked in an Alabama coke plant and in a Tennessee sawmill before he returned to the grocery business. By 1900, when he was nineteen years old, he was earning $30 a month as a salesman for a wholesale grocer. During his years working in the grocery stores, he found that it was very inconvenient and inefficient for people to buy things because more than a century ago, long before there were computers, shopping was done quite differently than it is today. Entering a store, the customer would approach the counter (or wait for a clerk to become available) and place an order, either verbally or, as was often the case for boys running errands, in the form of a note or list. While the customer waited, the clerk would move behind the counter and throughout the store, select the items on the list—some form shelves so high that long-handled grasping device had to be used—and bring them back to the counter to be tallied and bagged or boxed. The process might be expedited by the customer calling or sending in the order beforehand, or by the order being handled by a delivery boy on a bike, but otherwise it did not vary greatly. Saunders, a flamboyant and innovative man, noticed that this method resulted in wasted time and expense, so he came up with an unheard-of solution that would revolutionize the entire grocery industry: he developed a way for shoppers to serve themselves.
C
So in 1902 he moved to Memphis where he developed his concept to form a grocery wholesale cooperative and a full-service grocery store. For his new “cafeteria grocery”, Saunders divided his grocery into three distinct areas:
1) A front “lobby” forming an entrance and exit and checkouts at the front.
2) A sales department, which was specially designed to allow customers to roam the aisles and select their own groceries. Removing unnecessary clerks, creating elaborate aisle displays, and rearranging the store to force customers to view all of the merchandise and over the shelving and cabinets units of sales department were “galleries” where supervisors were allowed to keep an eye on the customers while not disturbing them. 3) And another section of his store is the room only allowed for the clerks which was called the “stockroom” or “storage room” where large refrigerators were situated to keep fresh products from being perishable. The new format allowed multiple customers to shop at the same time, and led to the previously unknown phenomenon of impulse shopping. Though this format of grocery market was drastically different from its competitors, the style became the standard for the modern grocery store and later supermarket.
D
On September 6, 1916, Saunders launched the self-service revolution in the USA by opening the first self-service Piggly Wiggly store, at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis, Tennessee, with its characteristic turnstile at the entrance. Customers paid cash and selected their own goods from the shelves. It was unlike any other grocery store of that time. Inside a Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of shop clerks. They were free to roam the store, check out the merchandise and get what they needed with their own two hands and feet. Prices on items at Piggly Wiggly were clearly marked. No one pressured customers to buy milk or pickles. And the biggest benefit at the Piggly Wiggly was that shoppers saved money. Self-service was a positive all around. “It’s good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,” noted George T. Haley, a professor at the University of New Haven and director of the Center for International Industry Competitiveness. “If you looked at the way grocery stores were run previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta, what you find is that there was a tremendous amount of labor involved, and labor is a major expense.” Piggly Wiggly cut the fat.
E
Piggly Wiggly and the self-service concept took off. Saunders opened nine stores in the Memphis area within the first year of business. Consumers embraced the efficiency, the simplicity and most of all the lower food prices. Saunders soon patented his self-service concept, and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores. Thanks to the benefits of self-service and franchising, Piggly Wiggly ballooned to nearly 1,300 stores by 1923. Piggly Wiggly sold $100 million—worth $1.3 billion today—in groceries, making it the third-biggest grocery retailer in the nation. The company’s stock was even listed on the New York Stock Exchange, doubling from late 1922 to March 1923. Saunders had his hands all over Piggly Wiggly. He was instrumental in the design and layout of his stores. He even invented the turnstile.
F
However Saunders was forced into bankruptcy in 1923 after a dramatic spat with the New York Stock Exchange and he went on to create the “Clarence Saunders sole-owner-of-my-name” chain, which went into bankruptcy.
G
Until the time of his death in October 1953, Saunders was developing plans for another automatic store system called the Food electric. But the store, which was to be located two blocks from the first Piggly Wiggly store, never opened. But his name was well-remembered along with the name Piggly Wiggly.
Questions 1-5
Which paragraph contains the following information?
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1．How Clarence Saunders’ new idea had been carried out.
2．Introducing the modes and patterns of groceries before his age.
3．Clarence Saunders declared bankruptcy a few years later.
4．Descriptions of Clarence Saunders’ new conception.
5．The booming development of his business.
Questions 6-10
Write ONLY ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
6. When Clarence Saunders was an adolescent, he took a job as a ______in a grocery store.
7. In the new innovation of grocery store, most of the clerks’ work before was done by _____
8. In Saunders’ new grocery store, the section where customers finish the payment was called _____
9. Another area in his store which behind the public area was called the _____, where only internal staff could access.
10. At _____ customers were under surveillance.
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
11 Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the innovation of grocery stores at his age?
A. Because he was an enthusiastic and creative man.
B. Because his boss wanted to reform the grocery industry.
C. Because he wanted to develop its efficiency and make great profit as well.
D. Because he worried about the future competition from the industry.
12 What happened to Clarence Saunders’ first store of Piggly Wiggly?
A Customers complained about its impracticality and inconvenience.
B It enjoyed a great business and was updated in the first twelve months.
C It expanded to more than a thousand franchised stores during the first year.
D Saunders was required to have his new idea patented and open more stores.
13. What left to Clarence Saunders after his death in 1953?
A. A fully automatic store system opened soon near his first store.
B. The name of his store the Piggly Wiggly was very popular at that time.
C. His name was usually connected with his famous shop the Piggly Wiggly in the following several years.
D. His name was painted together with the name of his famous store.
答案：1-5 DAFCE 6.clerk 7.customers 8.lobby 9.stockroom 10.galleries 11-13 CBC
技巧分析：篇文章题型难度不大，两种题型都遵循顺序原则，考生可以根据题目中的定位词来确定答案范围，理解原文，给出答案。简答题解题时应注意答案为文中原词不能改形式，是非无注意考点的选取及判断，虽为有序题型， 好还是两两交叉解题以避免定位陷阱。判断题因存在未给出这个选项，首先对于考生的要求是在定位过程中判断是定位正确选择为未给出还是因为定位错误而判断为未给出，另外还应注意理解判断题中考点的设置，不要混淆true/false与not given。
Passage 2：
题型：判断题+段落填空+选择
文章大意：
段：冰川开发有限
第二段：但是冰川含水量大，可以开发，价格贵
第三段：德国IA机构wrap the iceberg，有一些好处
第四段：方便运输，不会融化，到达目的地可以直接饮用
第五段：具体如何运输
后两段进行展望
参考答案：
1.True 2.Not given 3.False 4.False 5.True 6.Not given 7.False
8.streets 9.cables 10.melting 11.2.5% 12.tank 13.rolls 14.floating 15.carrying
技巧分析：本篇文章难度适中，属于问题解决类说明文，了解此类文章结构，有助于快速定位答案范围，三类题型均为细节题，可以根据题型间对应文章范围的规律解题。
Passage 3：
题型：人名观点配对y+判断
相似文章参考：Stress of Workplace
技巧分析：有序题搭配乱序题的篇章应遵循先解决有序题再解决乱序题的原则。此篇文章考生易出现时间不足靠蒙的现象，这就回归到平常刷题过程中对于时间把握的练习，以及合理分配题型先后的习惯，建议考生多练习扫读能力。
人名观点配对做题技巧：1.首先分析观点，找出每个观点之间的异同点，进行分类。
2.如果选项中有双胞胎相似选项，其中一项很有可能为正确答案。
3.分析选项心中有数，回到原文定为人名，注意有些人名会重复出现。
4.划出观点句，找出对应答案。
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