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P1 脸盲症 P2 猛犸象灭绝 P3 失重 朗阁名师边晓菲点评 1. 本次考试难度中偏易。 2. 整体分析：涉及心理类(P1)、 生物类(P2)与科技类(P3) 3. 主要题型：本次考试难度适中稍偏简单。主要考察填空题，判断题和配对题。本次考试P1涉及心理学方面的文章，对于大部分同学来说是一个较有挑战的选材类型，但好在题目搭配较为简单，学生普遍认为得分较为容易。另外 3篇题目中填空出现2次，判断出现2次，并且出题数量较大，可见传统基础题型仍是广大学生的备考重点。 4. P1 脸盲症 文章大意：针对一种人容易对别人的面庞无意识的解释。说怎样研究他们忘性大，还说了先天和后天的两种可能性 题型搭配： 判断7+ 填空 6 参考答案： 1. F 2. F 3. NG 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. NG 8. animals 9.待补充 10.待补充 11.gene 12.left 13.cheating 5. P2猛犸象灭绝Mammoth Kill 文章大意：关于北美的大型哺乳动物猛犸象是为什么走上灭绝之路的。专家们分别提出3套理论来解释，但是很遗憾没有一套理论有人信。第一种理论认为是人类过度打猎，叫做overkill model导致了大型动物的灭绝;第二种理论认为原因是deadly disease，是人类身上的传染病把动物给弄死的;第三种理论把责任怪罪到气候不稳定上面considerable climate instability. 题型搭配：填空 7 + 人名观点配对6 参考答案： 14 hunting B段9行 15 overkill model B段10行 16 disease/hyperdisease E段3行 17 empirical evidence E段9行 18 climatic instability F段3行 19 geographical ranges -- habitats :certain habitats是disappeared 填空写的是reduced 对应shrinking 替换。 所以填geographical ranges F段8行 20 Younger Dryas event F段11行 21 A F段少数第3行 22 B E段后一半 B段倒三行有写到John Alroy认为，事实上，hunting-driven extinction不仅是合理的，这也是不可避免的。 23 A B段末尾 24 B E段前一半 25 B D段前1半 26 C F段前2行 (答案仅供参考，题目或有改动) 参考文章： Mammoth Kill Mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Ptiocene epoch from around 5 million years ago, into the Hotocene at about 4,500 years ago, and were members of the family Elephantidae, which contains, along with mammoths, the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors. A Like their modern relatives, mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reached heights in the region of 4m at the shoulder and weights up t0 8 tonnes, while exceptionally large males may have exceeded 12 tonnes. However, most species of mammoth were only about as large as a modern Asian elephant. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about l t0 6 inches per year. Based on studies of their close relatives, the modem elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst hulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity. B MEXICO CITY-Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and automobiles, North America once belonged to mammoths, camels, ground sloths as large as cows, bear-size beavers and other formidable beasts. Some 11,000 years ago, however, these large bodied mammals and others-about 70 species in all-disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in the New World and dramatic climatic change-factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie (巨型动物兽群)to extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s, when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City last October, paleoecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using a computer simulation that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out. C Assuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than 2 percent annually, Alroy determined that if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large mammals a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care. D Not everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one, the results depend in part on population-size estimates for the extinct animals-figures that are not necessarily reliable. But a more specific criticism comes from mammalogist Ross D. E. MacPhee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, it should be noted, are known from other megafaunal remains)-hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had huge ranges the giant Jefferson’s ground sloth, for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexicowhich would have made slaughtering them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather implausible, he says. E MacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather he suggests that people may have introduced hyperlethal disease, perhaps through their dogs or hitchhiking vermin, which then spread wildly among the immunologically naive species of the New World. As in the overkill model, populations of large mammals would have a harder time recovering. Repeated outbreaks of a hyperdisease could thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far MacPhee does not have empirical evidence for the hyperdisease hypothesis, and it won’t be easy to come by: hyperlethal disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue and DNA from the last mammoths to perish will eventually reveal murderous microbes. F The third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the weather. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed considerable climatic instability, explains paleontologist Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, certain habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this change brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly homogeneous environment left them with shrinking geographical ranges-a death sentence for large animals, which need large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene, the final major fluctuation-the so-called Younger Dryas eventpushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is convinced that human hunters demolished the titans of the Ice Age. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenarios explain, he asserts, and makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually go extinct.“Personally, I’m a vegetarian,” he remarks, “and I find all of this kind of gross but believable.” 6. P3 失重 文章大意：待补充 参考答案 27-40 待补充 原文待补充 考试预测 1. 本次考试三篇文章题型搭配和题量总体与以往考试趋势一致，基础题型的重要性毋庸置疑，是备考的重中之重。另外， 考生应该重视观点梳理类的题目，以人名观点匹配题为例，该类题型往往容易搭配心理学，动物实验等较难的选材，并且本身技巧性较强，考前应强化练习。机经内容也可稍作浏览，但切忌盲目只背答案。 2. 3.下场考试的话题可能有关教育类、语言类等。 3. 重点浏览15-16年机经。 (责任编辑：jasmine) |
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